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The Emission Measuring System market report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation market growth, market share, competitive Landscape, sales analysis, impact of domestic and global market players, value chain optimization, trade regulations, recent developments, opportunities analysis, strategic market growth analysis, product launches, area marketplace expanding, and technological innovations.
According to our latest research, the global Emission Measuring System size is estimated to be xx million in 2021 from USD xx million in 2020, with a change of XX% between 2020 and 2021. The global Emission Measuring System market size is expected to grow at a CAGR of xx% for the next five years.
Market segmentation
Emission Measuring System market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2016-2026, the growth among segments provide accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Market segment by Type, covers
Analytical Systems
Portable Emission Analyzers
Market segment by Application can be divided into
Vehicle Manufacturers
Component Manufacturers
Other
The key market players for global Emission Measuring System market are listed below:
Horiba
AVL
AIP GmbH
Sensors, Inc
Market segment by Region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 14 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe Emission Measuring System product scope, market overview, market opportunities, market driving force and market risks.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of Emission Measuring System, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of Emission Measuring System from 2019 to 2021.
Chapter 3, the Emission Measuring System competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the Emission Measuring System breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales, revenue and growth by regions, from 2016 to 2026.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2016 to 2026.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales, revenue and market share for key countries in the world, from 2016 to 2021.and Emission Measuring System market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2021 to 2026.
Chapter 12, 13 and 14, to describe Emission Measuring System sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion, appendix and data source.
1 Market Overview
1.1 Emission Measuring System Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Type: 2019 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.2.2 Analytical Systems
1.2.3 Portable Emission Analyzers
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Application: 2019 Versus 2021 Versus 2026
1.3.2 Vehicle Manufacturers
1.3.3 Component Manufacturers
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Emission Measuring System Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global Emission Measuring System Sales in Value (2016-2026))
1.4.2 Global Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume (2016-2026)
1.4.3 Global Emission Measuring System Price by Type (2016-2026) & (US$/Unit)
1.5 Global Emission Measuring System Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global Emission Measuring System Total Production Capacity (2016-2026)
1.5.2 Global Emission Measuring System Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Emission Measuring System Market Drivers
1.6.2 Emission Measuring System Market Restraints
1.6.3 Emission Measuring System Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Horiba
2.1.1 Horiba Details
2.1.2 Horiba Major Business
2.1.3 Horiba Emission Measuring System Product and Services
2.1.4 Horiba Emission Measuring System Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.2 AVL
2.2.1 AVL Details
2.2.2 AVL Major Business
2.2.3 AVL Emission Measuring System Product and Services
2.2.4 AVL Emission Measuring System Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.3 AIP GmbH
2.3.1 AIP GmbH Details
2.3.2 AIP GmbH Major Business
2.3.3 AIP GmbH Emission Measuring System Product and Services
2.3.4 AIP GmbH Emission Measuring System Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
2.4 Sensors, Inc
2.4.1 Sensors, Inc Details
2.4.2 Sensors, Inc Major Business
2.4.3 Sensors, Inc Emission Measuring System Product and Services
2.4.4 Sensors, Inc Emission Measuring System Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021)
3 Emission Measuring System Sales by Manufacturer
3.1 Global Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019-2021e)
3.2 Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2021e)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in Emission Measuring System
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 Emission Measuring System Manufacturer Market Share
3.4.2 Top 6 Emission Measuring System Manufacturer Market Share
3.5 Global Emission Measuring System Production Capacity by Company
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and Emission Measuring System Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global Emission Measuring System Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2026)
4.1.2 Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Region (2016-2026)
4.2 North America Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026)
4.3 Europe Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026)
4.4 Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026)
4.5 South America Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026)
4.6 Middle East and Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Type (2016-2026)
5.2 Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Type (2016-2026)
5.3 Global Emission Measuring System Price by Type (2016-2026)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Application (2016-2026)
6.2 Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Application (2016-2026)
6.3 Global Emission Measuring System Price by Application (2016-2026)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2026)
7.2 North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2026)
7.3 North America Emission Measuring System Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
7.3.2 North America Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2026)
8.2 Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2026)
8.3 Europe Emission Measuring System Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
8.3.2 Europe Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9 Asia-Pacific by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2026)
9.2 Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2026)
9.3 Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2026)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Revenue by Region (2016-2026)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2026)
10.2 South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2026)
10.3 South America Emission Measuring System Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
10.3.2 South America Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2026)
11.2 Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2026)
11.3 Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2026)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2026)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026)
12 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
12.1 Sales Channel
12.1.1 Direct Marketing
12.1.2 Indirect Marketing
12.2 Emission Measuring System Typical Distributors
12.3 Emission Measuring System Typical Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Methodology
14.2 Research Process and Data Source
14.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2021-2026
Table 2. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2021-2026
Table 3. Horiba Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Horiba Major Business
Table 5. Horiba Emission Measuring System Product and Services
Table 6. Horiba Emission Measuring System Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 7. AVL Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. AVL Major Business
Table 9. AVL Emission Measuring System Product and Services
Table 10. AVL Emission Measuring System Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 11. AIP GmbH Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. AIP GmbH Major Business
Table 13. AIP GmbH Emission Measuring System Product and Services
Table 14. AIP GmbH Emission Measuring System Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 15. Sensors, Inc Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Sensors, Inc Major Business
Table 17. Sensors, Inc Emission Measuring System Product and Services
Table 18. Sensors, Inc Emission Measuring System Sales (K Units), Price (US$/Unit), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019-2021e)
Table 19. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Manufacturer (2019-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 20. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Manufacturer (2019-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 21. Market Position of Manufacturers in Emission Measuring System, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2020
Table 22. Global Emission Measuring System Production Capacity by Company, (K Units): 2020 VS 2021
Table 23. Head Office and Emission Measuring System Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 24. Emission Measuring System New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 25. Emission Measuring System Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 26. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Region (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 27. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 28. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Region (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 29. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 30. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 32. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Type (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 33. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Type (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 34. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Type (2016-2021e) & (US$/Unit)
Table 35. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Type (2021-2026) & (US$/Unit)
Table 36. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 37. Global Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 38. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Application (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 39. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue by Application (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 40. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Application (2016-2021e) & (US$/Unit)
Table 41. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Application (2021-2026) & (US$/Unit)
Table 42. North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 43. North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 44. North America Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 45. North America Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 46. North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 47. North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 48. North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 49. North America Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 50. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 51. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 52. Europe Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 53. Europe Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 54. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 55. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 56. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 57. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 58. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Region (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 59. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Region (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 60. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Revenue by Region (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 61. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Revenue by Region (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 62. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 63. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 64. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 65. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 66. South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 67. South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 68. South America Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 69. South America Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 70. South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 71. South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 72. South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 73. South America Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 74. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 75. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Country (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 76. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2016-2021e) & (USD Million)
Table 77. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue by Country (2021-2026) & (USD Million)
Table 78. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 79. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Type (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 80. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2016-2021e) & (K Units)
Table 81. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales by Application (2021-2026) & (K Units)
Table 82. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 83. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 84. Emission Measuring System Typical Distributors
Table 85. Emission Measuring System Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. Emission Measuring System Picture
Figure 2. Global Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Type in 2020
Figure 3. Analytical Systems
Figure 4. Portable Emission Analyzers
Figure 5. Global Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 6. Vehicle Manufacturers
Figure 7. Component Manufacturers
Figure 8. Other
Figure 9. Global Emission Measuring System Market Size, (USD Million) & (K Units): 2020 VS 2021 VS 2026
Figure 10. Global Emission Measuring System Market Size and Forecast (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 11. Global Emission Measuring System Sales (2016-2026) & (K Units)
Figure 12. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Type (2016-2026) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 13. Global Emission Measuring System Production Capacity (2016-2026) & (K Units)
Figure 14. Global Emission Measuring System Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2020 VS 2021
Figure 15. Emission Measuring System Market Drivers
Figure 16. Emission Measuring System Market Restraints
Figure 17. Emission Measuring System Market Trends
Figure 18. Global Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2020
Figure 19. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2020
Figure 20. Emission Measuring System Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
Figure 21. Top 3 Emission Measuring System Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2020
Figure 22. Top 6 Emission Measuring System Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2020
Figure 23. Global Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 24. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 25. North America Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 26. Europe Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. South America Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Global Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 31. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 32. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Type (2016-2026) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 33. Global Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 34. Global Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 35. Global Emission Measuring System Price by Application (2016-2026) & (US$/Unit)
Figure 36. North America Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 37. North America Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 38. North America Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 39. North America Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 40. United States Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 44. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 45. Europe Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 46. Europe Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 47. Germany Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. France Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. United Kingdom Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Russia Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Italy Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2026)
Figure 56. China Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. Japan Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Korea Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. India Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. Southeast Asia Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Australia Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. South America Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 63. South America Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 64. South America Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 65. South America Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 66. Brazil Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 67. Argentina Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2026)
Figure 69. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2026)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2026)
Figure 72. Turkey Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 73. Egypt Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. Saudi Arabia Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. South Africa Emission Measuring System Revenue and Growth Rate (2016-2026) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 77. Methodology
Figure 78. Research Process and Data Source
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