1 Report Business Overview
    1.1 Study Scope
    1.2 Market Analysis by Type
        1.2.1 Global GSM Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
        1.2.2 Accessing a GSM Network
        1.2.3 Voice All Calls
        1.2.4 Data Transmission
        1.2.5 Others
    1.3 Market by Application
        1.3.1 Global GSM Services Market Size Growth Rate by Application, 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
        1.3.2 Smart Phone
        1.3.3 Feature Phone
    1.4 Study Objectives
    1.5 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
    2.1 Global GSM Services Market Perspective (2017-2028)
    2.2 GSM Services Growth Trends by Region
        2.2.1 GSM Services Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
        2.2.2 GSM Services Historic Market Size by Region (2017-2022)
        2.2.3 GSM Services Forecasted Market Size by Region (2023-2028)
    2.3 GSM Services Market Dynamics
        2.3.1 GSM Services Industry Trends
        2.3.2 GSM Services Market Drivers
        2.3.3 GSM Services Market Challenges
        2.3.4 GSM Services Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
    3.1 Global Top GSM Services Players by Revenue
        3.1.1 Global Top GSM Services Players by Revenue (2017-2022)
        3.1.2 Global GSM Services Revenue Market Share by Players (2017-2022)
    3.2 Global GSM Services Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
    3.3 Players Covered: Ranking by GSM Services Revenue
    3.4 Global GSM Services Market Concentration Ratio
        3.4.1 Global GSM Services Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
        3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by GSM Services Revenue in 2021
    3.5 GSM Services Key Players Head office and Area Served
    3.6 Key Players GSM Services Product Solution and Service
    3.7 Date of Enter into GSM Services Market
    3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 GSM Services Breakdown Data by Type
    4.1 Global GSM Services Historic Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
    4.2 Global GSM Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
5 GSM Services Breakdown Data by Application
    5.1 Global GSM Services Historic Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
    5.2 Global GSM Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America
    6.1 North America GSM Services Market Size (2017-2028)
    6.2 North America GSM Services Market Size by Type
        6.2.1 North America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
        6.2.2 North America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
        6.2.3 North America GSM Services Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    6.3 North America GSM Services Market Size by Application
        6.3.1 North America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
        6.3.2 North America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
        6.3.3 North America GSM Services Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    6.4 North America GSM Services Market Size by Country
        6.4.1 North America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
        6.4.2 North America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
        6.4.3 U.S.
        6.4.4 Canada
7 Europe
    7.1 Europe GSM Services Market Size (2017-2028)
    7.2 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Type
        7.2.1 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
        7.2.2 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
        7.2.3 Europe GSM Services Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    7.3 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Application
        7.3.1 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
        7.3.2 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
        7.3.3 Europe GSM Services Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    7.4 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Country
        7.4.1 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
        7.4.2 Europe GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
        7.4.3 Germany
        7.4.4 France
        7.4.5 U.K.
        7.4.6 Italy
        7.4.7 Russia
        7.4.8 Nordic Countries
8 Asia-Pacific
    8.1 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size (2017-2028)
    8.2 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Type
        8.2.1 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
        8.2.2 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
        8.2.3 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    8.3 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Application
        8.3.1 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
        8.3.2 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
        8.3.3 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    8.4 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Region
        8.4.1 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Region (2017-2022)
        8.4.2 Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Region (2023-2028)
        8.4.3 China
        8.4.4 Japan
        8.4.5 South Korea
        8.4.6 Southeast Asia
        8.4.7 India
        8.4.8 Australia 
9 Latin America
    9.1 Latin America GSM Services Market Size (2017-2028)
    9.2 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Type
        9.2.1 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
        9.2.2 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
        9.2.3 Latin America GSM Services Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    9.3 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Application
        9.3.1 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
        9.3.2 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
        9.3.3 Latin America GSM Services Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    9.4 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Country
        9.4.1 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
        9.4.2 Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
        9.4.3 Mexico
        9.4.4 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
    10.1 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size (2017-2028)
    10.2 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Type
        10.2.1 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022)
        10.2.2 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028)
        10.2.3 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    10.3 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Application
        10.3.1 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022)
        10.3.2 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028)
        10.3.3 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    10.4 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Country
        10.4.1 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022)
        10.4.2 Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028)
        10.4.3 Turkey
        10.4.4 Saudi Arabia
        10.4.5 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
    11.1 Verizon Communications
        11.1.1 Verizon Communications Company Details
        11.1.2 Verizon Communications Business Overview
        11.1.3 Verizon Communications GSM Services Introduction
        11.1.4 Verizon Communications Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.1.5 Verizon Communications Recent Developments
    11.2 AT and T
        11.2.1 AT and T Company Details
        11.2.2 AT and T Business Overview
        11.2.3 AT and T GSM Services Introduction
        11.2.4 AT and T Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.2.5 AT and T Recent Developments
    11.3 Vodafone Group
        11.3.1 Vodafone Group Company Details
        11.3.2 Vodafone Group Business Overview
        11.3.3 Vodafone Group GSM Services Introduction
        11.3.4 Vodafone Group Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.3.5 Vodafone Group Recent Developments
    11.4 China Mobile
        11.4.1 China Mobile Company Details
        11.4.2 China Mobile Business Overview
        11.4.3 China Mobile GSM Services Introduction
        11.4.4 China Mobile Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.4.5 China Mobile Recent Developments
    11.5 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
        11.5.1 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Company Details
        11.5.2 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Business Overview
        11.5.3 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone GSM Services Introduction
        11.5.4 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.5.5 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Recent Developments
    11.6 Softbank Group
        11.6.1 Softbank Group Company Details
        11.6.2 Softbank Group Business Overview
        11.6.3 Softbank Group GSM Services Introduction
        11.6.4 Softbank Group Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.6.5 Softbank Group Recent Developments
    11.7 Deutsche Telekom
        11.7.1 Deutsche Telekom Company Details
        11.7.2 Deutsche Telekom Business Overview
        11.7.3 Deutsche Telekom GSM Services Introduction
        11.7.4 Deutsche Telekom Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.7.5 Deutsche Telekom Recent Developments
    11.8 Telefonica
        11.8.1 Telefonica Company Details
        11.8.2 Telefonica Business Overview
        11.8.3 Telefonica GSM Services Introduction
        11.8.4 Telefonica Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.8.5 Telefonica Recent Developments
    11.9 America Movil
        11.9.1 America Movil Company Details
        11.9.2 America Movil Business Overview
        11.9.3 America Movil GSM Services Introduction
        11.9.4 America Movil Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.9.5 America Movil Recent Developments
    11.10 China Telecom
        11.10.1 China Telecom Company Details
        11.10.2 China Telecom Business Overview
        11.10.3 China Telecom GSM Services Introduction
        11.10.4 China Telecom Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
        11.10.5 China Telecom Recent Developments
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
    13.1 Research Methodology
        13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
        13.1.2 Data Source
    13.2 Author Details
    13.3 Disclaimer
                  
              

                

                 
List of Tables
    Table 1. Global GSM Services Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Table 2. Key Players of Accessing a GSM Network
    Table 3. Key Players of Voice All Calls
    Table 4. Key Players of Data Transmission
    Table 5. Key Players of Others
    Table 6. Global GSM Services Market Size Growth Rate by Application (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Table 7. Global GSM Services Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Table 8. Global GSM Services Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 9. Global GSM Services Market Share by Region (2017-2022)
    Table 10. Global GSM Services Forecasted Market Size by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 11. Global GSM Services Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
    Table 12. GSM Services Market Trends
    Table 13. GSM Services Market Drivers
    Table 14. GSM Services Market Challenges
    Table 15. GSM Services Market Restraints
    Table 16. Global GSM Services Revenue by Players (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 17. Global GSM Services Revenue Share by Players (2017-2022)
    Table 18. Global Top GSM Services by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in GSM Services as of 2021)
    Table 19. Ranking of Global Top GSM Services Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2021
    Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by GSM Services Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2017-2022)
    Table 21. Key Players Headquarters and Area Served
    Table 22. Key Players GSM Services Product Solution and Service
    Table 23. Date of Enter into GSM Services Market
    Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
    Table 25. Global GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 26. Global GSM Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
    Table 27. Global GSM Services Forecasted Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 28. Global GSM Services Revenue Market Share by Type (2023-2028)
    Table 29. Global GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 30. Global GSM Services Revenue Share by Application (2017-2022)
    Table 31. Global GSM Services Forecasted Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 32. Global GSM Services Revenue Share by Application (2023-2028)
    Table 33. North America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 34. North America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 35. North America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 36. North America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 37. North America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 38. North America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 39. Europe GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 40. Europe GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 41. Europe GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 42. Europe GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 43. Europe GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 44. Europe GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 45. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 46. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 47. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 48. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 49. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Region (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 50. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size by Region (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 51. Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 52. Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 53. Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 54. Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 55. Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 56. Latin America GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 57. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size by Type (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 58. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size by Type (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 59. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size by Application (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 60. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size by Application (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 61. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size by Country (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 62. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size by Country (2023-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Table 63. Verizon Communications Company Details
    Table 64. Verizon Communications Business Overview
    Table 65. Verizon Communications GSM Services Product
    Table 66. Verizon Communications Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 67. Verizon Communications Recent Developments
    Table 68. AT and T Company Details
    Table 69. AT and T Business Overview
    Table 70. AT and T GSM Services Product
    Table 71. AT and T Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 72. AT and T Recent Developments
    Table 73. Vodafone Group Company Details
    Table 74. Vodafone Group Business Overview
    Table 75. Vodafone Group GSM Services Product
    Table 76. Vodafone Group Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 77. Vodafone Group Recent Developments
    Table 78. China Mobile Company Details
    Table 79. China Mobile Business Overview
    Table 80. China Mobile GSM Services Product
    Table 81. China Mobile Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 82. China Mobile Recent Developments
    Table 83. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Company Details
    Table 84. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Business Overview
    Table 85. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone GSM Services Product
    Table 86. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 87. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Recent Developments
    Table 88. Softbank Group Company Details
    Table 89. Softbank Group Business Overview
    Table 90. Softbank Group GSM Services Product
    Table 91. Softbank Group Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 92. Softbank Group Recent Developments
    Table 93. Deutsche Telekom Company Details
    Table 94. Deutsche Telekom Business Overview
    Table 95. Deutsche Telekom GSM Services Product
    Table 96. Deutsche Telekom Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 97. Deutsche Telekom Recent Developments
    Table 98. Telefonica Company Details
    Table 99. Telefonica Business Overview
    Table 100. Telefonica GSM Services Product
    Table 101. Telefonica Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 102. Telefonica Recent Developments
    Table 103. America Movil Company Details
    Table 104. America Movil Business Overview
    Table 105. America Movil GSM Services Product
    Table 106. America Movil Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 107. America Movil Recent Developments
    Table 108. China Telecom Company Details
    Table 109. China Telecom Business Overview
    Table 110. China Telecom GSM Services Product
    Table 111. China Telecom Revenue in GSM Services Business (2017-2022) & (US$ Million)
    Table 112. China Telecom Recent Developments
    Table 113. Research Programs/Design for This Report
    Table 114. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
    Table 115. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
    Figure 1. Global GSM Services Market Share by Type: 2021 VS 2028
    Figure 2. Accessing a GSM Network Features
    Figure 3. Voice All Calls Features
    Figure 4. Data Transmission Features
    Figure 5. Others Features
    Figure 6. Global GSM Services Market Share by Application: 2021 VS 2028
    Figure 7. Smart Phone Case Studies
    Figure 8. Feature Phone Case Studies
    Figure 9. GSM Services Report Years Considered
    Figure 10. Global GSM Services Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2017-2028
    Figure 11. Global GSM Services Market Size, (US$ Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
    Figure 12. Global GSM Services Market Share by Region: 2021 VS 2028
    Figure 13. Global GSM Services Market Share by Players in 2021
    Figure 14. Global Top GSM Services Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in GSM Services as of 2021)
    Figure 15. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by GSM Services Revenue in 2021
    Figure 16. North America GSM Services Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 17. North America GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    Figure 18. North America GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    Figure 19. North America GSM Services Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
    Figure 20. United States GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 21. Canada GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 22. Europe GSM Services Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 23. Europe GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    Figure 24. Europe GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    Figure 25. Europe GSM Services Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
    Figure 26. Germany GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 27. France GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 28. U.K. GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 29. Italy GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 30. Russia GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 31. Nordic Countries GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 32. Asia-Pacific GSM Services Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 33. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    Figure 34. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    Figure 35. Asia Pacific GSM Services Market Size Share by Region (2017-2028)
    Figure 36. China GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 37. Japan GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 38. South Korea GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 39. Southeast Asia GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 40. India GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 41. Australia GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 42. Latin America GSM Services Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 43. Latin America GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    Figure 44. Latin America GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    Figure 45. Latin America GSM Services Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
    Figure 46. Mexico GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 47. Brazil GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 48. Middle East & Africa GSM Services Market Size YoY (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 49. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
    Figure 50. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
    Figure 51. Middle East and Africa GSM Services Market Size Share by Country (2017-2028)
    Figure 52. Turkey GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 53. Saudi Arabia GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 54. UAE GSM Services Market Size YoY Growth (2017-2028) & (US$ Million)
    Figure 55. Verizon Communications Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 56. AT and T Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 57. Vodafone Group Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 58. China Mobile Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 59. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 60. Softbank Group Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 61. Deutsche Telekom Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 62. Telefonica Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 63. America Movil Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 64. China Telecom Revenue Growth Rate in GSM Services Business (2017-2022)
    Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
    Figure 66. Data Triangulation
    Figure 67. Key Executives Interviewed